The Greens, Shooters Fishers and Farmers, and One Nation have secured one seat each.
Key policies on immigration, gun-reform, and renewable energy divide the parties.
The Liberal Party is likely to need the support of more than one of these parties in the Legislative Council.
The Shooters Fishers and Farmers have ruled out support for the Coalition after "they went out of the way to say they won't support us".
The re-elected Berejiklian government is facing an uphill battle to implement its agenda through an ideologically divided upper house crossbench.
As counting reached the half-way point on Sunday, the Greens had secured at least two seats, and One Nation, and Shooters Fishers and Farmers parties had secured at least one seat each in the Legislative Council.
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Lucas Baird is a journalist based in The Australian Financial Review's Sydney office. Connect with Lucas on Twitter. Email Lucas at lucas.baird@afr.com
