China’s ‘harsh winter’ spells turbulent economic times for Australia
Singapore: The chairman of the world’s largest steel producer, Baowu Steel, had a grim warning for staff when they gathered for the company’s half-yearly meeting this month, one that would reverberate around the world, rattling markets and investors. The Australian government was also taking note.
The Chinese steel industry was facing a “harsh winter”, one that would be “longer, colder and more difficult to endure than we expected”, chairman Hu Wangming told staff. What’s more, the challenge would be worse than previous major downturns in 2008 and 2015.
The price of iron ore, the key steelmaking ingredient, collapsed to its lowest level since 2022 this month, having plunged more than 30 per cent this year, as a crisis has rippled through China’s domestic steel industry. The main culprit is the floundering Chinese property market and the millions of homes left unfinished, unsold or vacant across the country - and no sign that President Xi Jinping will mount a large-scale rescue effort.
Bundles of steel rods at a trading market in the outskirts of Shanghai, China, on Monday. President Xi Jinping’s push to end reliance on property-led growth has profound implications for the steel industry. Credit: Bloomberg
Though the iron ore price has since rallied, recovering some of its 9 per cent plunge last week to sit at around $US98 ($146) a tonne, many analysts say the slump is far from over.
The ricocheting impact hit home with particular force this week in Australia, where the fortunes of some of the country’s top companies and, even aspects of the federal budget, are highly susceptible to Chinese economic shockwaves. Australia exports more than 80 per cent of its iron ore to China.
Federal Treasurer Jim Chalmers on Sunday released Treasury advice that a faster than assumed fall in the iron price could wipe $3 billion from federal budget coffers due to a drop in tax receipts from iron ore sales. In a budget of $710 billion in revenue, a $3 billion hole would be significant but not devastating, but it holds warning signs for the broader Australian economy and whether it is slowing down, including wage pressure in the mining sector.
“For us, the China story is obviously very, very front of mind. That is partly because of the impact on commodity prices, but broadly as well,” Chalmers told The Sydney Morning Herald and The Age’s Inside Politics podcast on Friday.
“If our Treasury forecasts for Chinese growth play out as we expect them to, that will be the weakest period of growth in China for some time. And I think most Australians understand how important that is to us, not just to our commodity prices and therefore revenue and therefore the budget, but also the economy more broadly.”
On Monday, BlueScope Steel reported full-year earnings of $860.7 million, down 22 per cent, citing falling steel prices and rising costs.
Chief executive Mark Vassella said Chinese companies were flooding Asian markets with cheap steel as they tried to offload excess supply due to dried up domestic demand in China’s property sector.
“And what that’s done is that’s driven pressure on price, which then comes back to our domestic market here in Australia,” he told ABC TV’s The Business program last week.
Shares in Australia’s big iron ore miners have also plunged this year. Shares in BHP, the second-largest company on the Australian stock exchange, have fallen almost 20 per cent, Fortescue Metals shares have dropped almost 39 per cent this year, and Rio Tinto shares have slumped 18 per cent.
Many steel mills in China, the world’s biggest iron ore importer, have suffered from lacklustre demand and sinking product prices, and are cutting back on output. Research by Macquarie Bank found that 50 per cent of mills were said to be losing money, with a further 23 per cent just breaking even, while almost half planned to cut output either slightly or by a lot. Property remained the “main drag”, it said.
The impact of China’s economic slowdown is not just being felt in the commodity markets. Shares in a2 Milk, one of the largest suppliers of infant milk formula to China, plunged by more than 18 per cent on Monday after the New Zealand-based company released its 2023/24 results, and warned of a smaller than expected profit growth over the next year.
Though a2 Milk’s share of the Chinese market is increasing, chief executive David Bortolussi flagged the country’s declining birth rate as a longer-term challenge for the company’s growth along with increased competition from other suppliers in the market.
A2 milk on sale at an Alibaba run Smart supermarket in Hangzhou, China. Credit: Chris Crerara
In 2023, 9.02 million babies were born in China, half the number born in 2016. China’s shrinking population, which declined for the second straight year in 2023, falling by 2 million people, has major economic ramifications. It means fewer workers, fewer people buying homes, a decline in spending by consumers, and fewer people to support the country’s ageing population.
Dr Matthew Durban, a former Austrade senior economist and trade commissioner, says China’s economic slowdown is one of structural decline, not a cyclical one.
“I’m not going to sort of paint a rosy picture. I think the best we can hope for is a slowdown in growth. But I suspect this is a structural issue we’re going to have to get used to, and it will require adjustment of my profit margins, but also market diversification,” he says.
There is no question that China’s economy is in the doldrums after years of dazzling growth. It grew at a slower-than-forecast 4.7 per cent annual rate in the June quarter, below the government’s 5 per cent annual growth target as it struggles to convince Chinese consumers to splash their money around on retail goods.
Weak consumption – that is, Chinese people not spending enough, as households choose to squirrel away their savings – has been a problem that has plagued Beijing for years, says Dr Guonan Ma, an economist and senior fellow at the Asia Society Policy Institute.
The industrial skyline in Lanzhou, in western China in early August, shows its petrochemical industry is powering away. But a broader malaise in the Chinese economy is sending shockwaves into the Australian market. Credit: Sanghee Liu
“Beijing has pledged multiple times to try and do something about consumption, but each time they fail,” Ma says.
One such effort that experts say is unlikely to significantly boost consumption is a trade-in stimulus plan where consumers are offered subsidies for trading in old appliances like fridges and cars and buying new greener, more efficient models.
The consumption challenge is being exacerbated by the property market collapse, with people more reluctant to spend than ever before. At its peak in 2020, the real estate sector accounted for as much as 30 per cent of China’s GDP, while Chinese households had 80 per cent of their wealth tied up in property. The pain continued unabated last month as new home prices plunged at their fastest pace in nine years in July, falling 4.9 per cent from a year earlier.
A construction worker walks past a housing project under construction on the outskirts of Beijing, China, on Wednesday. There are millions of unsold, unfinished and vacant homes across China due to the property market collapse. Credit: AP
It is the sharpest drop in prices since June 2015, and comes despite the government’s efforts to rein in the freefall through a limited rescue package that involved reducing mortgage rates and lowering home buying costs.
The Chinese government’s plan for dragging the country out of its economic rut appears to be one adhering to a theme of continuity, not change.
Last month, the roughly 400 members of the Chinese Communist Party’s Central Committee, one of the party’s top governing bodies, gathered in Beijing for a multi-day meeting known as the third plenum. It is held roughly once every five years and is designed to set the country’s long term economic strategy.
For the most part, this year’s third plenum left many China watchers, analysts and investors underwhelmed but largely unsurprised. Far from charting a new policy direction to address some of the long term structural challenges, a resolution released after the meeting contained hundreds of proposed reforms that largely doubled down on Xi’s goal of “building a high-level socialist market economic system”, where the state is the key actor and the private sector a secondary player, and where national security objectives are intrinsically linked with modernisation goals.
There were no signs of a large-scale stimulus package in the works to boost domestic demand, or a major rescue effort for the property sector.
Earlier this month, Chinese authorities rejected a proposal by the International Monetary Fund to deploy the equivalent of $US1 trillion in central government funds to complete unfinished housing or compensate homebuyers.
Instead, a key plank of Xi’s economic plan is to shift China away from a property-heavy growth model to one powered by high-tech industries and advanced manufacturing in areas like EVs, solar panels, semiconductors, and AI.
Ma says China’s economic pain is set to linger for some time yet.
“The high-tech industry and renewable energy sector, are not big enough yet to replace the property sector as a major growth driver,” he says.
“Most likely, it will be a gradual and painful process, which could take a year or two before we see a floor,” he says.
With Bloomberg
Get a note directly from our foreign correspondents on what’s making headlines around the world. Sign up for the weekly What in the World newsletter here.