World’s oldest DNA discovered in Greenland confirms Mastodon roamed there

Scientists have made a significant breakthrough after discovering two-million-year-old DNA that has opened a new chapter in the history of evolution.

Scientists have made a significant breakthrough after discovering two-million-year-old DNA that has opened a new chapter in the history of evolution. Picture: Beth Zaiken

Scientists have made a significant breakthrough after discovering two-million-year-old DNA that has opened a new chapter in the history of evolution.

On Wednesday, scientists in Greenland said they had found the oldest DNA ever extracted, in sediment from the Ice Age, opening a new chapter in paleogenetics.

“We are breaking the barrier of what we thought we could reach in terms of genetic studies,” said Mikkel Winther Pedersen, co-author of a new study published in science journal Nature.

“It was long thought that one million years was the boundary of DNA survival, but now we are twice as old” as that.

They found the DNA fragments in sediment from the northernmost part of Greenland known as Kap Copenhagen, said the University of Copenhagen lecturer.

The fragments “come from an environment that we do not see anywhere on Earth today,” he added.

Frozen in a remote unpopulated area, the DNA had been very well preserved.

World’s oldest DNA found in northern Greenland. The (pictured) moss originates from erosion of the river that cut through the landscape at Kap København some two million years ago. Picture: Nicolaj K. Larsen

New technology enabled the scientists to determine that the 41 fragments were more than a million years older than the oldest known DNA, from a Siberian mammoth.

“A new chapter spanning one million extra years of history has finally been opened and for the first time we can look directly at the DNA of a past ecosystem that far back in time,” said Professor Eske Willerslev, who led the team of scientists behind the discovery.

“DNA can degrade quickly but we’ve shown that under the right circumstances, we can now go back further in time than anyone could have dared imagine.”

Professors Eske Willerslev and Kurt H. Kjær, who led the project of 16 years, exposing fresh layers for sampling of sediment. Picture: Svend Funder

Professor Kurt Kjær, who was also at the helm of the 16-year project, said the ancient DNA samples were found buried deep in sediment that had built-up over 20,000 years.

“The sediment was eventually preserved in ice or permafrost and, crucially, not disturbed by humans for two million years,” he explained.

The extracting and analysing of the DNA — a few millionths of a millimetre long — was a “painstaking process” that involved piecing together tiny fragments of genetic material that first needed to be detached from clay and quartz sediment.

They had to first determine whether there was DNA hidden in the clay and quartz, then see whether it could be removed from the sediment to examine it.

The method used “provides a fundamental understanding of why minerals, or sediments, can preserve DNA”, said Karina Sand, who heads the geobiology team at the University of Copenhagen and who took part in the study.

“It’s a Pandora’s box we’re just about to open up”, she added.

The organic layers show traces of the rich plant flora and insect fauna that lived two million years ago at Kap København in North Greenland. Picture: University of Cambridge/ Professor Svend Funder

The “rivers running through the environment transported minerals and organic material into the marine environment and this was where these terrestrial sediments were deposited”, said Winther Pedersen.

Then, at some point around two million years ago, “this land mass beneath the water was raised up and became a part of North Greenland”, he explained.

Today, Kap Copenhagen is an Arctic desert, where different types of deposits, including plant and insect fossils preserved in excellent condition, have already been discovered.

But scientists hadn’t tried to establish the fossils’ DNA, and very little was known about the presence of animals at the time.

The research team, which began its work in 2006, has now made it possible to paint a picture of what the region looked like two million years ago.

An artist’s reconstruction of the landscape surrounding the Kap København formation today. This arctic desert is one of the coldest and driest environments, which is reflected in the low biodiversity and production. Picture: Beth Zaiken

“We had this forested environment with mastodons and reindeer and hares running around in the landscape together with a lot of different plant species”, he said, they had found 102 different kinds of plant.

The presence of mastodons was particularly noteworthy, he added, never having been found so far north before. The discovery has also given researchers more information about the adaptability of species.

Two million years ago, Greenland had temperatures 11 to 17 degrees warmer than today, but at its latitude, the sun doesn’t set in summer nor rise in winter.

“We don’t see this environment anywhere, this mix of species anywhere on Earth today”, said Winther Pedersen.

“The plasticity in species, how species are actually able to adapt to different types of climate, might be different than what we previously thought.

“And obviously, it makes us look for newer and older sites.

“There are several different sites across the world that actually have geological deposits that go this far back. And even further back,” he added.

— with AFP