Finding and unearthing Spain’s mass graves

THIS skull belongs to a 19-year-old who went missing in 1950. The story of his murder is all too familiar. All over Spain, mass graves are finally being uncovered.

Gruesome discovery ... Skeletons and evidence are packed in plastic boxes after being exhumed from a hidden mass grave.

ACROSS Spain, volunteer teams of archaeologists, anthropologists and forensic scientists head out every year on expeditions to dig for suspected mass graves — a legacy of Spain’s fascist past.

Frequently watching them are the elderly sons and daughters who have long suspected they know locations of their loved ones who died many decades ago.

Some were killed during the 1936-1939 civil war but many, primarily from the left, were summarily executed after the victory of the forces loyal to General Francisco Franco.

In this photo taken on July 26, 2014, skeletons are numbered on what was a hidden mass grave, during an excavation by the Aranzadi Sciences Society searching for the remains of those killed by their political ideology during and after the Spanish civil war in El Estepar, Spain. Across Spain, volunteer teams of archeologists, anthropologists and forensic scientists head out every year on expeditions to dig for suspected mass graves _ a legacy of Spain’s fascist past during the time of General Francisco Franco. (AP Photo/Daniel Ochoa de Olza)

In this photo taken on Dec. 16, 2014, a volunteer uses a brush to clean the skull of a victim before his exhumation inside a mass grave at the cemetery of Puerto Real, Spain. Across Spain, volunteer teams of archeologists, anthropologists and forensic scientists head out every year on expeditions to dig for suspected mass graves _ a legacy of Spain’s fascist past during the time of General Francisco Franco. (AP Photo/Daniel Ochoa de Olza)

So in villages like Estepar, less than three hour’s drive north from Madrid, the elderly descendants of the dead watch as the volunteers dig and carefully place the remains they find, together with clothing and personal objects, into plastic tubs so they can be identified.

Spain’s government in 2007 passed a Historic Memory Law condemning atrocities committed during Franco’s regime, which lasted until 1975. However, it has never come up with funding to embark on the searches or pay for DNA testing.

This photo taken on Dec. 17, 2014, shows bullet shells found during the exhumation of a mass grave of those killed by their political ideology during and after the spanish civil war at the Puerto Real cemetery are displayed to be pictured by the photographer in Puerto Real, Spain. Across Spain, volunteer teams of archeologists, anthropologists and forensic scientists head out every year on expeditions to dig for suspected mass graves _ a legacy of Spain’s fascist past during the time of General Francisco Franco. (AP Photo/Daniel Ochoa de Olza)

This photo taken on Dec. 17, 2014, shows a comb found during the exhumation of a mass grave of those killed by their political ideology during and after the spanish civil war at the Puerto Real cemetery is displayed to be pictured by the photographer in Puerto Real, Spain. Across Spain, volunteer teams of archeologists, anthropologists and forensic scientists head out every year on expeditions to dig for suspected mass graves _ a legacy of Spain’s fascist past during the time of General Francisco Franco. (AP Photo/Daniel Ochoa de Olza)

This photo taken on Dec. 17, 2014, shows pencils and a broken monocle found during the exhumation of a mass grave of those killed by their political ideology during and after the Spanish civil war at the Puerto Real cemetery are displayed to be pictured by the photographer in Puerto Real, Spain. Across Spain, volunteer teams of archeologists, anthropologists and forensic scientists head out every year on expeditions to dig for suspected mass graves _ a legacy of Spain’s fascist past during the time of General Francisco Franco. (AP Photo/Daniel Ochoa de Olza)

This photo taken on Dec. 17, 2014, shows a pocket watch found during the exhumation of a mass grave of those killed by their political ideology during and after the Spanish civil war at the Puerto Real cemetery is displayed to be pictured by the photographer in Puerto Real, Spain. Across Spain, volunteer teams of archeologists, anthropologists and forensic scientists head out every year on expeditions to dig for suspected mass graves _ a legacy of Spain’s fascist past during the time of General Francisco Franco. (AP Photo/Daniel Ochoa de Olza)

Most exhumations have been financed through local and international donations or crowd-funding.

More than 200 graves have been exhumed since 2000 and about 5,700 bodies have been found, according to Spain’s non-profit Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory.

In this photo taken on July 19, 2014, Camilo De Dios, 81, stands in front of the wall in Chaherrero, Spain, where his brother Perfecto de Dios was killed at the age of 19, holding Perfecto's only portrait. Across Spain, volunteer teams of archeologists, anthropologists and forensic scientists head out every year on expeditions to dig for suspected mass graves _ a legacy of Spain’s fascist past during the time of General Francisco Franco. (AP Photo/Daniel Ochoa de Olza)

In this photo taken on July 24, 2014, skeletons are unearthed on what was a hidden mass grave during an excavation by the Aranzadi Sciences Society searching for the remains of those killed by their political ideology during and after the spanish civil war in El Estepar, Spain. Across Spain, volunteer teams of archeologists, anthropologists and forensic scientists head out every year on expeditions to dig for suspected mass graves _ a legacy of Spain’s fascist past during the time of General Francisco Franco. (AP Photo/Daniel Ochoa de Olza)

The government has never provided an estimate of how many died during Franco’s regime, but former Spanish Judge Baltasar Garzon has estimated that 114,000 could have ended up in the mass graves.

His much publicised investigation into Franco era crimes was halted when the magistrate was barred from the bench in 2012 for overstepping his jurisdiction in a separate case.

In this photo taken on July 19, 2014, the skull of Perfecto de Dios killed in 1950 at the age of 19 is partially visible during his exhumation from a hidden grave in Chaherrero, Spain. Across Spain, volunteer teams of archeologists, anthropologists and forensic scientists head out every year on expeditions to dig for suspected mass graves _ a legacy of Spain’s fascist past during the time of General Francisco Franco. (AP Photo/Daniel Ochoa de Olza)