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Russia-Ukraine will be world’s first ‘naked war’

Russia-Ukraine could be the starkest conflict in history for one obvious reason. In fact, it’s already playing a huge part in how it’s playing out.

Jamie SeidelJamie Seidel
@JamieSeidel
7 min read
February 20, 2022 - 11:38AM
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The fog of war is history.

In the past, we only knew what was happening when the wounded began returning home. Then spy planes and satellites were put in the skies. Now every one of us has access to swarms of real-time social media videos and pictures.

That’s why Ukraine will be the starkest war in history.

Russia's President Vladimir Putin. Picture: Mikhail Metzel\\TASS via Getty Images.
Russia's President Vladimir Putin. Picture: Mikhail Metzel\\TASS via Getty Images.

The raw reality of Vietnam shocked the world. Children fleeing napalm strikes. Captured soldiers with pistols put to their heads, moments before execution. Such shocking imagery stripped away the gloss of patriotism and propaganda.

And that was primarily due to the efforts of just a handful of reporters.

Ukraine has already revealed how difficult it is for governments to sustain a narrative in the digital era – this will be the world’s first ‘naked war’ where anyone with an internet connection can report on what’s happening. Everybody has intelligence data at their fingertips beyond the dreams of CIA operatives based in 1970s Hanoi.

It’s called Open Source Intelligence (OSINT).

“The resources now available to individual citizens approaches those once reserved for the superpowers,” defence analyst Victor Abramowicz argues for the Lowy Institute.

That’s why Moscow’s mobilisation has been tracked every step of the way.

Amateur analysts noticed a year ago that Russia had apparently forgotten to take its tanks, trucks and artillery home after regularly scheduled war-games with Belarus.

Over time, commercially available satellite photographs revealed these stockpiles were being added to. Then, come November, Moscow’s efforts to speed up preparations resulted in a flood of footage of trains and trucks hauling military equipment on social media.

It’s all become possible in just the past eight years.

“Social media, big data, smartphones and low-cost satellites have taken centre stage, and scraping Twitter has become as important as anything else in the intelligence analyst toolkit,” says Professor Craig Nazareth of the University of Arizona’s information operations centre. “These technologies have also allowed news organisations and armchair sleuths to follow the action and contribute analysis.”

Open Source Intelligence (OSINT)

Commercial satellites and civilian snaps produce a birds-eye view of the unfolding international crisis. It’s not likely to stop once the shooting starts but not everything can be taken at face value. Deliberate misinformation is regularly being fed into the mix.

This can simply be a troll seeking enjoyment out of sewing chaos. It can also be a concerted campaign by military agents.

But the tools needed to check, validate and verify are also in the hands of the general public.

Picture histories can be searched. Metadata can be extracted. Original sources can be traced. Most importantly, their context can be cross-checked.

That leaves armies with nowhere to hide.

“A plethora of satellite imagery providers generate detailed views of Moscow’s deployment of more than 100,000 troops to Ukraine’s borders,” says Abramowicz.

Google Earth is just one source for commercial satellite imagery. A subscription to its providers – such as Maxar or Planet – will produce images that may be just days old instead of the months or years of the free service.

Then there’s Google Street View.

Is that tank where the poster of a photo or video says it is? Is that train going where Russia’s Ministry of Defence claims?

All it takes is to identify a few landmarks – and then an investment of time to find the corresponding place.

That allows the image to be oriented. It pins it down in the big picture evolving around it.

An artillery piece with a range of 40km positioned just 20km from Ukraine’s border, for example, is potentially ready for war.

TikTok – time is against the invader

It’s not easy to miss a tank. Especially when it is parked with dozens of other military vehicles across a major intersection.

And that’s proven to be a central sticking point for Moscow’s efforts to conceal troop movements. Frustrated drivers have been pulling out their phones and broadcasting their gripes – and images of what forces are where – to the world.

“Despite Russia banning soldiers from using smartphones on duty, now TikTok, Youtube and more provide data allowing for the identification of individual units as everyday people share events that capture their interest – and military deployments clearly fit the bill,” says Abramowicz.

Once Russia invades Ukraine, the TikTok’s won’t stop. Facebook. Twitter. Snapchat. Telegram.

All will be awash with the reality of war.

We’ve already had a taste.

A stray cannon shell struck a Ukraine kindergarten on Thursday evening. Within minutes, both sides were accusing each other of the near-tragedy. Within hours, the kindergarten had been located, the orientation of the classroom established – and the offending shell’s direction of travel identified.

A woman stands inside among debris after the reported shelling of a kindergarten in the settlement of Stanytsia Luhanska, Ukraine, on February 17, 2022. (Photo by Aris Messinis / AFP)
A woman stands inside among debris after the reported shelling of a kindergarten in the settlement of Stanytsia Luhanska, Ukraine, on February 17, 2022. (Photo by Aris Messinis / AFP)

Such open-source intelligence quickly put the lie to Russia’s claim it was all Ukraine’s fault. The kindergarten was inside Ukraine. The shell came from inside occupied Donbas.

“Overall, the veil of high-level secrecy is likely gone for good,” writes Abramowicz. “Any point on the world can be imaged, for a pittance, multiple times per day, rain, hail or shine. And while satellites still need to know where to look, how likely is concealment in a world with billions of phones, the internet, and OSINT communities scouring all types of media for hints of new activity?”

Quality control

OSINT results are not as fast or high-resolution as a military surveillance satellite.

But it gets into the hands of many, many more people. And that means much of what defence agencies miss can be caught by amateurs.

“What you get out of an outfit like Maxar is very good information but not as precise or as timely as that provided to US national leadership,” says retired NATO commander Admiral James Stavridis.

NATO surveillance aircraft have been swarming over Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland and Romania. We know this because their flight paths are often visible on open-source flight tracking services such as FlightRadar24.

Their mission has been to intercept radio transmissions and radar signals to pinpoint and confirm other intelligence data sources.

That’s the level of verification needed for militaries to believe their eyes.

“You can see something on a base that looks like a lot of activity,” says Federation of American Scientists analyst Hans Kristensen. “But in terms of what’s being done there and what the units are — that takes a lot more intel.”

And Western intelligence agencies have learned the power of truth. Washington has been unusually forward in sharing up-to-date intelligence assessments about Moscow’s troop movements and espionage operations.

It’s a deliberate tactic aimed at stripping away any chance of “plausible deniability” when it comes to staged “false flag” (fake provocative) acts.

It also feeds the activities of independent OSINT enthusiasts.

On Thursday, Moscow announced it was withdrawing its troops from Belarus.

NATO chief Jens Stoltenberg immediately cast a shadow over these promising words.

“What we see is that they have increased the number of troops, and more troops are on the way,” he said.

President Biden warned President Putin in the phone call that the US "will respond decisively and impose swift and severe costs on Russia" should it invade Ukraine. Picture: WHITE HOUSE / AFP.
President Biden warned President Putin in the phone call that the US "will respond decisively and impose swift and severe costs on Russia" should it invade Ukraine. Picture: WHITE HOUSE / AFP.

Within hours, pictures and videos verifying his caution were flooding the internet.

A matter of resilience

Once, all it took to isolate a community was to seize its telephone exchange and arrest the postman.

The job is similar, though somewhat more extensive, nowadays.

Phone networks may be taken down. Internet cables can be severed. Electronic warfare equipment can jam signals.

But homeowners have long had the option to buy their satellite uplinks. And footage recorded on a mobile phone needs only a fleeting connection to get out into the world.

“Countries might seek to temporarily blind satellites that pass over them,” says Abramowicz. “But this risks contention with asset operators and requires advanced technologies to know which satellites are where, and to precisely control energy beams.”

About 61 per cent of Ukrainians own a smartphone. The nation’s infrastructure is far more advanced than Syria, Iraq or Afghanistan. And those on the borders can access the services of neighbours such as Poland.

Even with phone networks being taken down and internet services severed, the flood of material out of Ukraine is likely to be overwhelming.

But verification takes time.

“Technology has produced a flood of intelligence data, but technology is also making it easier to extract meaningful information from the data to help human intelligence analysts put together the big picture,” says Professor Nazareth. “However, sifting through terabytes of publicly available data for relevant information is difficult. Knowing that much of the data could be intentionally manipulated to deceive complicates the task.”

Human nature is also a factor.

The excitement of being the first to share a dramatic clip is a human trait propagandists are well aware of.

But swarms of OSINT activists are reducing even this threat.

“We’ve left the era of trust and verify, and we are in an era of don’t trust unless you can verify,” says former deputy assistant secretary of defence Mick Mulroy. “We should use all of our intelligence assets available to do just that.”

Whatever the case, war has changed. Forever.

“Perhaps the most that can be said with certainty is that concealment, and implausible deniability, will become more difficult,” says Abramowicz. “And in a world of otherwise increasing disinformation, this might just help stop some conflicts before they start.”

Jamie Seidel is a freelance writer | @JamieSeidel

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Originally published as Russia-Ukraine will be world’s first ‘naked war’

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Original URL: https://www.heraldsun.com.au/technology/innovation/russiaukraine-will-be-worlds-first-naked-war/news-story/4864b19e4f1c34462112e0f51e010b92