The lives of four other airmen are likely to have been saved by a last-second evasive manoeuvre by an army pilot, military air safety investigators say.
The Defence Flight Safety Bureau found that Captain Danniel Lyon, who died along with three others in a July 2023 Taipan helicopter crash off Hamilton Island, managed to avoid a mid-air collision despite knowing his own aircraft was “unrecoverable”.
Warrant Officer Class 2 Joseph “Phil” Laycock (left), Corporal Alexander Naggs, Troop Commander Captain Danniel Lyon and Lieutenant Maxwell Nugent were all killed in the crash.
The bureau has blamed spatial disorientation for the crash, with Defence investigators also concluding it was unlikely a high-tech helmet used by the pilots for night-time flights contributed to the disaster despite the equipment’s clear “hazard”.
“It’s getting dicey,” a cockpit voice recorder captured Lyon telling co-pilot Lieutenant Max Nugent five seconds into a left-hand turn in staggered formation with three other Taipan MHR-90 helicopters.
Captain Danniel Lyon died along with the three other airmen in the July 2023 crash off Hamilton Island.
Their aircraft, codenamed Bushman 83, had just flown into rain showers and Lyon had taken the controls from Nugent in response to the poor conditions at 10.33pm and 34 seconds.
“I’ll just get around the corner for you mate … while we’re dealing with the rain shower,” he told Nugent.
Two and a half minutes after Lyon took the controls of Bushman 83, it climbed from 224 feet to a maximum of 362 feet in 14 seconds.
Nine seconds into the climb, with the Taipan at 320 feet, Nugent says to Lyons: “Have you still got ’em?” referring to Bushman 82, the aircraft flying ahead of them in the formation, to the right.
Lyons replied calmly: “Yeah, still get ’em, mate.”
Investigators believe it was at this point that Lyon lost sight of Bushman 82. He rolled the aircraft 31 degrees right before quickly rolling back left 8 degrees to establish a visual of the other aircraft.
Neither Lyons nor Nugent appeared to have noticed during the climb that the orientation of the aircraft shifted from 5 degrees nose up to 5 degrees nose down – a 10-degree shift.
At the top of its climb, Bushman 83 was much higher than the three other helicopters in the formation. Unaware that the pitch attitude had shifted from nose up to nose down, Lyon used the controls to pitch down, exacerbating the so-called “pushover”. The aircraft went into a quickening descent, hitting the water at 10.36pm and 25 seconds – 21 seconds after it began to climb.
When it hit the water, it was travelling at 259km/h. Lyon, Nugent and aircrew Warrant Officer Phil Laycock and Corporal Alex Naggs were killed instantly.
The report found that in the split seconds before the crash, when the aircraft was in its fatal plunge, Lyon realised Bushman 83 was at risk of crashing into Bushman 82 and took immediate action, rolling the aircraft to the right.
“During the two and a half seconds after the pushover, [flight data recorder] analysis indicates that the relative distance between the two aircraft decreased from approximately 100 metres to 50 metres,” the report says.
“In response to this increasing closure, it is likely [Lyon] acted to avoid a potential mid-air collision with BSMN 82 by executing an avoidance turn to the right.”
Lyon’s actions in these last seconds, when his own aircraft was “not recoverable”, probably saved the lives of the four airmen in Bushman 82.
Since the July 2023 crash, there has been much focus on the high-tech TopOwl helmets used by the pilots that night.
The latest software upgrade for the TopOwl, HMSD v5.10, was found to carry significant risks, according to an experienced test pilot with the Army Aviation Test and Evaluation Section (AATES).
The test pilots found that the helmet was a “substantial risk of multiple deaths” and an “unacceptable risk to flight safety” because when pilots looked to the left or the right, the pitch and roll displays inverted.
Despite this warning, TopOwl 5.0 was put into service when Army Aviation conducted its own tests in benign conditions, finding it safe to deploy.
The Defence Flight Safety Bureau confirmed that TopOwl had its problems, but said it was unlikely to have been responsible for Lyon becoming spatially disoriented.
“While both AATES and Standards Section test and evaluation reports agreed that there were deficiencies relating to attitude presentation, the two agencies disagreed on the severity of the hazard,” the bureau said.
“Regardless, the investigation determined that it was very unlikely the known hazards relating to the HMSD v5.10 contributed to the loss of spatial orientation. This conclusion was based on the line of sight of the BSMN 83 pilots, which was slightly offset from the aircraft’s longitudinal axis, and that the pilots were likely looking ‘through’ the HMSD symbology to maintain attentional focus on BSMN 82.”
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